Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA); Hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA)

Staphylococcus aureus (staph�) are common bacteria that normally live on the skin. The bacteria also live harmlessly in the nasal passages of�roughly 30% of the U.S. population. Staph can cause infection when they�enter�the skin through a cut or sore. Infection can also occur when the bacteria�move inside of the body through a catheter or breathing tube. The infection can be minor and local (for example, a pimple), or more serious.

Most staph infections occur in people with weak immune systems, usually patients in hospitals and long-term care facilities. MRSA infections in hospitalized patients are known as�healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). People who have been hospitalized or had surgery within the past year are at high risk for HA-MRSA. People receiving certain treatments, such as dialysis, are also at high risk. MRSA bacteria account for�a large percentage�of hospital-acquired staph infections.

Over the past several years, MRSA infections in people not considered high-risk have increased. These infections, known as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), occur in otherwise healthy people who have no history of hospitalization in the last year. Many�such infections have occured among athletes who share equipment or personal items (such as towels or razors) and children in daycare facilities.

Staph skin infections normally cause a red, swollen, and painful area on the skin. Other symptoms may include:

• A skin abscess
• Drainage of pus or other fluids from the site
• Fever
• Warmth around the infected area

Symptoms of a more serious staph infection may�include:

• Rash
• Shortness of breath
• Fever
• Chills
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Muscle aches
• Malaise�(general feeling of illness)
• Headache

Depending on the extent and severity of your symptoms, your doctor may recommend the following tests:

• A skin biopsy and culture from the infected site
• Culture of the drainage (fluid) from the infection, to see which organism grows in it
• Blood culture
• Sputum culture through coughing or bronchoscopy, if pneumonia is present or suspected
• Urine culture� if a urinary tract infection is present or suspected

Draining the abscess at the doctor's office is usually the only treatment needed for a�local skin MRSA infection.

Few antibiotics are available to treat more serious MRSA infections. These include vancomycin (Vancocin, Vancoled), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim DS, Septra, Septra DS), and linezolid (Zyvox).

It is important to finish�all doses of antibiotics you have been given, even if you feel better before the final dose. Unfinished doses can lead to development of drug resistance in the bacteria.

Other treatments may be given to for more�serious�infections. These treatments, given in the hospital, may include supplemental oxygen and intravenous medication. In cases of kidney failure, dialysis may be needed.

Information to the public on community-associated MRSA can be found on the CDC web site at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca_public.html.

Outcome�varies with the severity of the infection, and the general condition of the person who has the infection. MRSA pneumonia and blood poisoning have high�death rates.

Serious staph infections may include:

• Cellulitis�
• Endocarditis
• Toxic shock syndrome
• Pneumonia
• Blood poisoning

Organ failure and death may result from untreated MRSA infections.

Call your healthcare provider if a wound seems to get worse rather than heal, or if any other symptoms of staph infection are present.

Careful attention to personal hygiene is key to avoiding MRSA infections. Wash your hands frequently, especially if visiting someone in a hospital or long-term care facility. Do not share personal items such as towels or razors with another person�-- MRSA can be transmitted through contaminated items. Cover all wounds with a clean bandage, and avoid contact with other people�s soiled bandages. If you share sporting equipment, clean it first with antiseptic solution.

Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, et al., eds. Hyponatremia. In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:896-99.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CA-MRSA Information for Clinicians. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca_clinicians.html. Accessed October 27, 2005.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa.html. Accessed October 27, 2005.

Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Available at: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/biol_hazards/methicillin.html. Accessed October 27, 2005.