Sunken fontanelles describe a noticeable "curving in" of the "soft spot" in an infant.
Considerations: The skull is made up of many bones, 7 in the skull itself and 14 in the facial area. They join together to form a solid, bony cavity protecting the brain and supporting the structures of the head. The areas where the bones join together are called the sutures.
The bones are not joined together firmly at birth. This allows the head to accommodate passage through the birth canal. The sutures gradually accumulate minerals and harden, firmly joining the skull bones together. This process is called ossification.
In an infant, the space where two sutures intersect form a membrane-covered "soft spot" called a fontanelle (fontanel). The fontanelles allow for growth of the skull during an infant's first year.
There are several fontanelles that are normally present on a newborn's skull, primarily at the top, back, and sides of the head. Like the sutures, fontanelles gradually ossify and become closed, solid, bony areas. The posterior fontanelle (in the back of the head) usually closes by the time an infant is 1 or 2 months old. The anterior fontanelle at the top of the head usually closes sometime within the range of 7 - 19 months.
The fontanelles should feel firm and very slightly concave (curved inward)�to the touch. A noticeably sunken fontanelle is a sign that the infant does not have enough fluid in his or her body.
What to expect at your health care provider's office: The medical history will be obtained and a physical examination performed.
Medical history questions documenting sunken fontanelles in detail may include:
- When did you first notice that the fontanelle looked sunken?
- How severe is it? How would you describe it?
- Which "soft spots" are affected?
- What other symptoms are also present?
- Has the baby been ill, especially with vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating?
- Is the skin turgor poor?
- Is the baby thirsty?
- Is the baby alert?
- Are the eyes dry?
- Is the mouth moist?
Diagnostic tests may include:
Treatment may include referral to a facility that can provide intravenous (IV) fluids if the sunken fontanelle is associated with dehydration.
After seeing your health care provider:
You may want to add a diagnosis related to sunken fontanelles to your personal medical record.
