There are many causes of gastritis.

The most common are:

• Medications (such as aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs)
• Alcohol
• Smoking
• Infection of the stomach with Helicobacter pylori bacteria
• Erosion (loss) of the protective layer of the stomach lining

Less common causes are:

• Eating or drinking caustic or corrosive substances (such as poisons)
• Backflow of bile into the stomach (bile reflux)
• Autoimmune disorders (such as pernicious anemia)
• Excess gastric acid secretion (such as from stress)
• Viral infection, especially in people with a weak immune system

Gastritis can occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or gradually (chronic gastritis).

• abdominal pain
• abdominal indigestion
• loss of appetite
• nausea
• vomiting
• vomiting blood or coffee-ground like material
• dark stools

Tests vary depending on the specific cause. An upper GI X-ray, EGD, or other tests may be advised.

Treatment depends on the specific cause. Some of the causes will resolve over time. Medications to decrease stomach acid secretion may be recommended.

The outlook depends on the cause, but is usually good.

See the specific types of gastritis.

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop gastritis symptoms.

Avoid long-term use of irritants (such as aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs, or alcohol).