Causes, incidence, and risk factors: More than 100 different disorders of sleeping and waking have been identified. They can be grouped in four main categories:
- Problems with falling and staying asleep
- Problems with staying awake
- Problems with adhering to a regular sleep schedule
- Sleep-disruptive behaviors
PROBLEMS WITH FALLING AND STAYING ASLEEP
Insomnia includes any combination of difficulty with falling asleep, staying asleep, intermittent wakefulness and early-morning awakening. Episodes may be transient, short-term (lasting as long as 2 to 3 weeks), or chronic.
Common factors associated with insomnia include:
- Physical illness
- Depression
- Anxiety or stress
- Poor sleeping environment such as excessive noise or light
- Caffeine
- Alcohol or other drugs
- Use of certain medications
- Heavy smoking
- Physical discomfort
- Daytime napping
- Counterproductive sleep habits:
- Early bedtimes
- Excessive time spent awake in bed
Disorders include:
- Psychophysiological insomnia (learned insomnia)
- Delayed sleep phase syndrome
- Hypnotic-dependent sleep disorder
- Stimulant-dependent sleep disorder
PROBLEMS WITH STAYING AWAKE
Disorders of excessive sleepiness are called hypersomnias. These include:
Sleep apnea more commonly affects obese people, but it may affect anyone with a short neck or a small jaw, regardless of weight. The disorder causes breathing to stop intermittently during sleep, resulting in the person being awakened repeatedly. People with sleep apnea often have difficulty achieving prolonged deep sleep. This results in excessive daytime sleepiness.
Narcolepsy is a condition of daytime sleep attacks as well as other features that may include sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Sleep attacks occur despite adequate sleep at night. A person with narcolepsy may suddenly fall asleep in any situation, without warning.
Restless leg syndrome is characterized by an uncomfortable sensation, usually in the legs, that occurs primarily at night and when a person is relaxed. The uncomfortable sensation diminishes when the legs are moved. This is commonly associated with periodic limb movement disorder, in which a patient has limb movements during sleep. It usually causes insomnia and may cause daytime sleepiness.
PROBLEMS WITH ADHERING TO A REGULAR SLEEP SCHEDULE
Problems may also occur when maintaining a consistent sleep and wake schedule is disrupted. This occurs when traveling between times zones and with shift workers on rotating schedules, particularly nighttime workers.
Sleep disruption disorders include:
- Sleep state misperception (the person actually sleeps a different amount than they think they do)
- Shift work sleep disorder
- Natural short sleeper (the person sleeps less hours than normal but suffers no ill effects)
- Chronic time-zone-change syndrome
- Irregular sleep-wake syndrome
SLEEP-DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIORS
Abnormal behaviors during sleep are called parasomnias and are fairly common in children. They include:
Sleep terror disorder is an abrupt awakening from sleep with fear, sweating, rapid heart rate, and confusion. Sleepwalking is usually not remembered by the person doing it, and usually affects children 2 to 12 years old.
In adults, sleepwalking may also be caused by an organic brain syndrome, reactions to drugs, psychological disorders, and certain medical conditions.
Treatment: INSOMNIA
The treatment is related to the cause, if the cause can be determined. If there is an obvious physical or psychological disorder causing insomnia, it should be treated. Depression is a very common cause of insomnia and can usually be treated with medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, or interpersonal therapy. Attempts to control environmental and lifestyle factors such as too much light, noise, caffeine or other stimulants or erratic hours of wakefulness should be made. Sleeping drugs should be used only when prescribed by a health care provider.
HYPERSOMNIA
Sleep apnea is treated with weight reduction and the administration of air under pressure through the nose. Occasionally, surgery or other measures may be needed.
Narcolepsy is treated by use of stimulating medications during the daytime. A new medication called modafanil seems to have fewer side effects than traditional stimulants. It is FDA-approved for narcolepsy and may soon be approved for shift work sleep disorder.
Restless leg syndrome is treated by treating the underlying disorder and with opiate or dopaminergic agonists.
PARASOMNIA
Night terrors are treated with hypnosis, guided imagery techniques and benzodiazepines, but safety measures may be needed to prevent people from harm during nighttime walking.
Sleep disorder clinics often are able to help people restore normal sleeping patterns through various techniques.
